Instructing citizenship and world points to k-12 college students pdf provides an important pathway to equip the following era with the information and abilities to navigate an more and more interconnected world. It isn’t nearly information and figures; it is about fostering empathy, important pondering, and a way of worldwide duty in younger minds. This useful resource delves into the complexities of citizenship training, exploring numerous pedagogical approaches and curriculum design methods for successfully integrating world points into Okay-12 studying environments.
This complete information gives a framework for educators, outlining the significance of instructing citizenship and world points, and providing sensible methods for implementing these ideas within the classroom. From crafting partaking lesson plans to evaluating scholar understanding, the information gives useful instruments and assets for educators searching for to domesticate well-rounded, globally conscious college students. It additionally covers the important significance of connecting these ideas to real-world situations, making certain college students grasp the relevance of their studying and provoking them to turn out to be lively contributors in shaping a greater future.
Introduction to Instructing Citizenship and World Points in Okay-12 Training
Embarking on a journey to domesticate world residents, one should perceive that the classroom is a robust platform for shaping younger minds. That is the place seeds of empathy, duty, and understanding are sown, finally blossoming into lively participation in a world group. Instructing citizenship and world points in Okay-12 training is not only about imparting information; it is about fostering a way of belonging, empowering college students to navigate a posh world, and equipping them to turn out to be brokers of optimistic change.Citizenship training, within the context of worldwide points, encompasses growing an understanding of rights and duties inside one’s personal group and on a broader world scale.
It goes past easy obedience to legal guidelines and explores the interconnectedness of countries and the shared challenges going through humanity. This understanding is important for college students to understand numerous views, promote peace, and take part actively find options to world issues.
Significance of Instructing Citizenship and World Points
Equipping Okay-12 college students with a complete understanding of citizenship and world points is paramount for his or her private and societal improvement. It fosters important pondering, problem-solving abilities, and intercultural competence. College students turn out to be extra engaged, knowledgeable, and accountable world residents.
Potential Advantages of Integrating World Points
Integrating world points into Okay-12 curricula provides quite a few benefits. College students acquire a deeper appreciation for numerous cultures and views. They develop important pondering and problem-solving abilities as they discover complicated world challenges. The method cultivates empathy and understanding, making ready college students to interact constructively with others and contribute to a extra simply and sustainable world. The advantages prolong past the classroom; it promotes world citizenship and accountable decision-making sooner or later.
Pedagogical Approaches for Various Scholar Populations
Efficient instructing strategies are essential for partaking numerous scholar populations. Studying types fluctuate, and educators want a versatile toolkit. The bottom line is to undertake quite a lot of approaches that cater to numerous studying types and backgrounds. A well-rounded strategy fosters a dynamic studying surroundings the place college students really feel supported and empowered to take part actively.
Age-Acceptable Pedagogical Approaches
| Age Group | Pedagogical Approaches |
|---|---|
| Okay-2 | Interactive video games, storytelling, role-playing, and hands-on actions are very best. Easy ideas, like sharing and empathy, are launched. Visible aids, songs, and movement-based actions are notably partaking for this age group. |
| 3-5 | Encouraging dialogue about completely different cultures and values by way of storytelling, creating paintings, and role-playing is efficient. Introduce fundamental ideas of equity and respect. |
| 6-8 | Introduce extra complicated ideas by way of group discussions, debates, and analysis initiatives. Use case research and real-world examples as an example world points. College students can discover completely different views on points. |
| 9-12 | Facilitate important evaluation by way of simulations, debates, and analysis initiatives. Encourage college students to discover the basis causes of worldwide points and develop potential options. Encourage collaboration and cross-cultural understanding by way of initiatives and discussions. |
Curriculum Design and Implementation
Embarking on a journey to nurture world residents requires a well-structured curriculum. This framework ought to resonate with college students, igniting their curiosity and fervour for understanding the interconnected world. A considerate design will empower them to be lively contributors in shaping a extra simply and sustainable future.A complete curriculum for citizenship and world points should seamlessly combine these themes into present topics, fostering important pondering and problem-solving abilities.
It mustn’t really feel like an add-on, however slightly a vital ingredient, enriching studying throughout all disciplines.
Designing a Okay-12 Curriculum Framework
This framework have to be adaptable, contemplating the various wants and developmental levels of scholars from kindergarten to highschool. Every grade degree ought to have age-appropriate studying goals that construct upon prior information and foster deeper understanding. Key ideas like empathy, collaboration, and accountable decision-making needs to be persistently strengthened throughout all grade ranges.
Integrating World Points into Present Curricula, Instructing citizenship and world points to k-12 college students pdf
Integrating world points successfully into present topics is essential. This strategy avoids making a separate, remoted curriculum, making certain that these ideas are woven into the material of studying. For instance, historic occasions might be analyzed by way of a world lens, exploring their influence on completely different cultures and societies. Science classes can look at environmental challenges on a world scale, prompting college students to contemplate options and duties.
Challenges in Implementation
Implementing a complete world citizenship curriculum faces a number of hurdles. Time constraints, lack of assets, and a scarcity of certified lecturers might be main obstacles. Moreover, incorporating numerous views and fostering important occupied with complicated world points requires cautious planning and considerate instruction. Addressing these challenges requires a collaborative effort amongst educators, directors, and group companions.
Examples of Profitable Applications
Quite a few faculties and districts have efficiently built-in world citizenship into their curriculum. One instance is a program specializing in group engagement, the place college students collaborate with native organizations to handle native and world points. One other mannequin emphasizes intercultural understanding, introducing college students to numerous cultures by way of interactive initiatives and visitor audio system. These packages spotlight the significance of lively studying and student-centered approaches.
Approaches to Instructing World Points
- Undertaking-Based mostly Studying: College students interact in sustained inquiry, growing options to real-world issues by way of hands-on initiatives. This strategy fosters collaboration, important pondering, and problem-solving abilities. Examples embrace designing sustainable options for a area people or researching and advocating for human rights points.
- Inquiry-Based mostly Studying: College students develop questions and examine them by way of analysis and exploration. This strategy encourages curiosity and fosters impartial studying. Examples embrace investigating the causes of battle in a specific area or exploring the influence of globalization on completely different cultures.
- Service Studying: College students apply their studying to real-world points by volunteering of their communities or taking part in service initiatives. This strategy fosters empathy and civic engagement. Examples embrace working with an area homeless shelter or taking part in a group cleanup effort.
Contrasting Approaches
| Method | Professionals | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Undertaking-Based mostly Studying | Develops important pondering, collaboration, and problem-solving abilities. Partaking and motivating for college students. | Could be time-consuming to design and implement. Requires robust facilitation. |
| Inquiry-Based mostly Studying | Encourages curiosity, impartial studying, and deep understanding. | Requires robust analysis and data literacy abilities. Could be difficult for youthful college students. |
| Service Studying | Develops empathy, civic engagement, and a way of duty. | Might not all the time immediately tackle the underlying complexities of worldwide points. Wants cautious planning to keep away from tokenism. |
Instructing Strategies and Methods
Igniting a ardour for world citizenship in younger minds requires partaking and efficient instructing strategies. This part delves into sensible methods to foster important pondering, empathy, and lively participation within the classroom, empowering college students to turn out to be knowledgeable and accountable world residents. These strategies encourage a deeper understanding of worldwide points and equip college students with the instruments to handle them.Efficient instructing strategies transcend rote memorization.
They stimulate curiosity, encourage exploration, and domesticate a way of shared duty for the world round us. By incorporating numerous views and real-world examples, we are able to encourage college students to suppose critically about complicated world points and develop options that profit all.
Exploring World Points
Instructing about world points is not nearly presenting information; it is about sparking real curiosity and inspiring college students to attach with the world round them. Interactive actions, reminiscent of role-playing situations and simulations, permit college students to step into the footwear of various stakeholders, fostering empathy and understanding. Analyzing case research and present occasions encourages important pondering and problem-solving abilities.
Selling Vital Pondering and Downside-Fixing
Partaking college students in actions that problem them to research data from completely different views is essential. Debates, discussions, and collaborative initiatives can facilitate this course of. Presenting college students with real-world examples and case research associated to citizenship and world points helps them develop their important pondering and problem-solving abilities. By confronting complicated points, college students study to determine biases, consider proof, and develop reasoned arguments.
Fostering Empathy and Intercultural Understanding
Cultivating empathy and intercultural understanding is important for world citizenship. Actions like creating profiles of people from completely different cultures, sharing private tales, and interesting in cultural change packages assist college students recognize numerous views and problem their very own assumptions. Studying literature from completely different cultures can introduce college students to the experiences and values of individuals from different components of the world.
Encouraging Energetic Participation and Engagement
Energetic participation is vital to a dynamic and interesting classroom. Encouraging scholar questions, fostering collaborative discussions, and incorporating numerous studying types are essential parts. College students can current their analysis findings, interact in debates, and work in small teams to unravel issues associated to world points.
Various Instructing Strategies for Particular World Points
| World Challenge | Instructing Methodology | Exercise Instance |
|---|---|---|
| Local weather Change | Inquiry-based studying | College students analysis native environmental impacts and develop options for decreasing their group’s carbon footprint. |
| Human Rights | Function-playing | College students role-play people experiencing human rights violations to know the influence of those points. |
| Battle Decision | Simulations | College students take part in simulations of battle situations to discover completely different approaches to peacebuilding and negotiation. |
| Poverty | Service studying | College students work with native organizations to handle problems with poverty of their group. |
| Financial Inequality | Comparative case research | College students evaluate and distinction financial techniques and insurance policies throughout international locations to research their influence on wealth distribution. |
Sources and Supplies: Instructing Citizenship And World Points To Okay-12 College students Pdf
Equipping school rooms with the suitable instruments is vital to fostering a deep understanding of citizenship and world points. This includes deciding on supplies that resonate with college students, spark curiosity, and encourage important pondering. From partaking movies to thought-provoking books, the suitable assets can rework studying into an enriching expertise.The supply of high-quality assets considerably impacts the effectiveness of any curriculum.
These supplies function the bedrock for significant discussions, important evaluation, and lively studying, fostering a very world perspective in college students. Discovering and evaluating these assets is an important step in making a profitable studying surroundings.
Figuring out Appropriate Sources
A various vary of assets is essential for instructing complicated subjects like citizenship and world points. Books, articles, web sites, and movies provide distinctive views and engagement alternatives. Partaking main sources, reminiscent of letters from activists or historic paperwork, permit college students to attach with the previous and current in a tangible approach. Furthermore, incorporating culturally numerous supplies ensures that each one college students really feel represented and valued.
Culturally Responsive Instructing Supplies
These supplies are important for fostering inclusivity and understanding. They acknowledge and have fun the various experiences and views throughout the classroom. Utilizing books with characters from numerous cultural backgrounds, and incorporating tales and examples that replicate completely different viewpoints, enriches the training expertise. Furthermore, incorporating a spread of voices and views into discussions helps college students develop empathy and respect for others.
For instance, a unit on immigration may embrace tales of people from completely different international locations, highlighting their struggles and contributions.
Organizations Providing Assist
Quite a few organizations provide useful assets and assist for educators. These embrace worldwide NGOs, instructional establishments, and authorities businesses devoted to world citizenship training. These organizations usually present lesson plans, curriculum frameworks, {and professional} improvement alternatives. In addition they present entry to networks of educators who can share experiences and greatest practices. For instance, the United Nations Instructional, Scientific and Cultural Group (UNESCO) gives in depth supplies and assets on world points.
Evaluating and Deciding on Acceptable Sources
Cautious analysis is paramount when selecting supplies. Think about the age appropriateness of the useful resource, the standard of the knowledge offered, and the alignment with studying goals. Additionally, take into account the various views mirrored within the supplies and the potential for selling important pondering and dialogue. Moreover, take into account the potential for bias or stereotypes throughout the useful resource, making certain they’re offered in a balanced and nuanced method.
Useful resource Effectiveness Desk
| Useful resource Kind | Description | Effectiveness in Instructing World Points |
|---|---|---|
| On-line Platforms | Interactive studying environments with multimedia assets. | Excessive – Facilitates lively studying and engagement with numerous views. |
| Print Supplies | Books, journals, and articles. | Medium – Presents depth and permits for in-depth evaluation. |
| Visitor Audio system | Specialists sharing real-world experiences. | Excessive – Gives authenticity and relevance to the subjects mentioned. |
| Movies | Documentaries, movies, and academic movies. | Excessive – Captures consideration and gives visible illustration of complicated points. |
Evaluation and Analysis
Measuring scholar understanding of citizenship and world points is essential. Efficient evaluation goes past merely grading; it is about understanding what college students actually grasp and the place they may want additional assist. A well-designed evaluation plan permits educators to regulate instructing strategies and tailor studying experiences for optimum outcomes.Evaluation strategies needs to be diversified and interesting, reflecting the multifaceted nature of citizenship and world points.
This enables college students to exhibit their studying in numerous methods, uncovering their strengths and areas for development. Genuine duties, simulating real-world conditions, present a deeper understanding of ideas. Constructive suggestions, providing particular insights and solutions, fosters development and improvement.
Strategies for Assessing Scholar Understanding
Evaluation methods ought to align with the training goals and replicate the distinctive studying types of scholars. A mixture of strategies, from conventional assessments to project-based studying, permits for a complete analysis of scholar understanding. It is vital to evaluate not simply information but additionally important pondering, problem-solving abilities, and the appliance of studying to real-world conditions.
- Commentary: Observing scholar participation at school discussions, group work, and shows gives insights into their engagement and understanding of complicated points. This methodology provides real-time suggestions on how college students work together and course of data.
- Written Assignments: Essays, studies, and reflective journals permit college students to articulate their ideas and views on world points. These duties can vary from easy summaries to complicated analyses, providing a various vary of evaluation choices.
- Displays: Oral shows encourage college students to speak their concepts clearly and concisely, and to suppose critically a couple of matter. This methodology fosters confidence and public talking abilities, whereas showcasing their understanding of the subject material.
- Tasks: Tasks permit college students to delve deeper into a selected problem, usually by working in teams. This methodology necessitates collaboration, problem-solving, and analysis abilities. For instance, a mission on sustainable improvement may contain designing a sustainable group, requiring analysis, planning, and presentation abilities.
- Debates: Debates foster important pondering and the power to articulate opposing viewpoints. College students must analysis completely different views on a world problem and defend their arguments successfully. This exercise promotes open-mindedness and respect for differing opinions.
Examples of Genuine Evaluation Duties
Genuine duties present a practical context for making use of information. College students usually tend to interact after they see the connection between their studying and the true world. The duties beneath spotlight genuine evaluation examples:
- Simulations: Function-playing worldwide negotiations or designing options for a hypothetical environmental catastrophe simulates real-world conditions, permitting college students to use their information and abilities.
- Case Research: Analyzing real-world case research of worldwide challenges, reminiscent of poverty or battle, helps college students perceive the complexities of those points. This methodology encourages college students to discover completely different views and analyze potential options.
- Group Tasks: Partaking in area people initiatives, like volunteering or taking part in a fundraising drive, provides a hands-on strategy to citizenship. College students can apply their information of social duty in sensible settings.
Utilizing Scholar Suggestions to Enhance Instructing and Studying
Scholar suggestions is invaluable for enhancing instructing and studying. Constructive suggestions, provided with empathy and assist, might help college students determine areas for development. It additionally highlights areas the place instructing might be more practical.
- Surveys: Gathering suggestions by way of surveys might help determine frequent misconceptions or areas the place college students really feel misplaced. This information can be utilized to regulate lesson plans and make them extra accessible to a wider vary of learners.
- Discussions: Facilitating discussions with college students about their studying expertise can provide perception into their views and challenges. These discussions can information changes to instructing approaches and studying supplies.
Offering Constructive Suggestions
Constructive suggestions is crucial for scholar development. It gives particular, actionable solutions for enchancment, slightly than merely stating what’s unsuitable. Suggestions needs to be well timed, related, and targeted on the training course of.
- Give attention to Strengths: Acknowledge and have fun scholar strengths. Constructive reinforcement builds confidence and motivates continued studying.
- Particular Examples: Present concrete examples of the best way to enhance. Keep away from obscure statements like “higher group” and as an alternative provide solutions like “use headings and subheadings to construction your argument.” These actionable steps are useful.
- Options for Enchancment: Supply particular solutions for a way college students can enhance their work. These needs to be tailor-made to the particular process and the scholar’s wants.
Evaluating Evaluation Strategies
| Evaluation Methodology | Suitability for Age Group (Okay-12) | Strengths | Weaknesses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Displays | Grades 4-12 | Encourages communication abilities, confidence, and important pondering. | Might not be appropriate for youthful college students with out correct preparation and assist. |
| Debates | Grades 6-12 | Develops important pondering, analysis abilities, and persuasive communication. | Requires a excessive degree of preparation and is probably not appropriate for all studying types. |
| Tasks | Grades 6-12 | Permits for deeper exploration, collaboration, and software of information. | Might require extra time and assets than different strategies. |
| Written Assignments | All grades | Permits for articulation of ideas and views. | Might not absolutely assess sensible software of ideas. |
Addressing Particular World Points
Unveiling the interconnectedness of our world, we discover that world points like poverty, inequality, and environmental challenges should not remoted issues however slightly intricate components of a bigger system. Understanding these points is paramount for fostering a way of worldwide citizenship and provoking college students to turn out to be brokers of optimistic change. Studying to handle these issues requires not simply information but additionally empathy and a willingness to see the world from completely different views.Instructing these points successfully requires recognizing their interconnected nature.
Poverty, as an example, is commonly intertwined with environmental degradation and lack of entry to training. By inspecting these relationships, college students acquire a extra complete understanding of the complicated components at play and the necessity for multi-faceted options.
Connecting World Points to Native Contexts
World points resonate with college students when they’re linked to their native experiences. Poverty is not only a distant phenomenon; its results might be noticed in their very own communities by way of meals insecurity, lack of entry to healthcare, or restricted instructional alternatives. This strategy helps college students transfer past summary ideas and interact with the realities of worldwide points on a private degree.
They start to know that their actions, irrespective of how small, can have a world influence.
- Poverty: Discover native meals banks, shelters, or group organizations working to alleviate poverty. College students can volunteer, take part in fundraising, or analysis native poverty statistics. Join this to world poverty by way of articles or documentaries highlighting world poverty’s causes and results. By understanding native efforts to handle poverty, college students can higher recognize the magnitude of worldwide challenges.
- Inequality: Examine disparities in entry to assets like high quality training, healthcare, and employment alternatives inside their group. Examine these with information on world inequality to indicate how native inequities replicate broader world patterns. Talk about the systemic components that perpetuate inequality, each domestically and globally.
- Environmental Challenges: Study native air pollution sources, water high quality points, or land use practices. Join these to world environmental issues like local weather change, deforestation, or useful resource depletion. Manage an area cleanup, analysis native environmental insurance policies, or create a presentation on the influence of native actions on world ecosystems.
Methods for Fostering World Citizenship
Fostering world citizenship is not about merely figuring out about world points; it is about cultivating empathy, duty, and a willingness to behave. It is about encouraging college students to see themselves as a part of a world group and understanding their function in shaping a greater future.
- Domesticate Empathy: Encourage college students to take heed to and perceive numerous views by interacting with individuals from completely different backgrounds. This might contain visitor audio system, cultural change packages, or just making a classroom surroundings that welcomes numerous viewpoints.
- Promote Collaboration: Have interaction college students in collaborative initiatives that tackle world points. These initiatives may contain researching options, designing an area marketing campaign, or taking part in a world on-line discussion board. This fosters a way of shared duty and empowers college students to contribute to options.
- Encourage Motion: Assist college students in figuring out and implementing native options to world issues. Encourage them to arrange fundraising campaigns, volunteer with native organizations, or begin a college initiative that addresses native points related to world challenges.
Encouraging Scholar-Pushed Options
Empowering college students to develop options is essential for efficient studying and long-term engagement. By offering alternatives for college students to brainstorm, analysis, and implement options, we domesticate a era of problem-solvers. These experiences might be empowering and contribute to a stronger sense of worldwide citizenship.
- Brainstorming Classes: Facilitate brainstorming classes to encourage numerous concepts and options. Encourage college students to suppose creatively and take into account numerous views. This course of nurtures important pondering and fosters a way of possession.
- Analysis and Evaluation: Present assets and alternatives for college students to analysis potential options. Encourage them to research the feasibility, effectiveness, and potential influence of various approaches. College students can evaluate numerous native and world initiatives to develop modern options.
- Motion Planning: Information college students in growing motion plans to implement their options. This includes figuring out particular steps, allocating assets, and setting sensible timelines. Assist college students determine native organizations or people who can assist their efforts.
Connecting World Points to Native Examples
| World Challenge | Native Instance |
|---|---|
| Poverty | Native meals financial institution, homeless shelters, or group packages offering assist to households in want. |
| Inequality | Disparities in entry to high quality training, healthcare, or employment alternatives throughout the group. |
| Environmental Challenges | Native air pollution sources, water high quality points, or land use practices impacting the surroundings. |
Creating Vital Pondering Expertise
Nurturing important pondering abilities in college students is paramount for his or her journey towards changing into knowledgeable and accountable world residents. These abilities empower them to research complicated points, consider completely different views, and type their very own well-reasoned opinions. Creating these abilities is an important part of fostering lively participation in a world grappling with numerous and difficult world points.Vital pondering is extra than simply memorizing information; it is about understanding the
- why* and the
- how* behind these information. It encourages college students to query assumptions, problem views, and formulate their very own well-supported conclusions. By fostering this means, we equip college students with the instruments to navigate the intricacies of worldwide points and turn out to be efficient problem-solvers.
Methods for Creating Vital Pondering Expertise
Creating important pondering abilities is a steady course of, requiring constant apply and diversified approaches. Methods embrace prompting college students to research data, consider arguments, and synthesize their very own conclusions. This course of permits them to not solely perceive the subject material but additionally to use it to their very own lives and the world round them.
- Evaluation of Data: Information college students to interrupt down complicated data into smaller, manageable components. Encourage them to determine key arguments, supporting proof, and underlying assumptions. For instance, when discussing the problem of worldwide poverty, college students can analyze information on earnings inequality, entry to assets, and authorities insurance policies to know the multifaceted nature of the issue. Present them with graphic organizers to assist them visually characterize the connections between numerous parts of an issue.
- Analysis of Arguments: Assist college students consider the validity and reliability of various sources of data. Encourage them to contemplate the creator’s perspective, biases, and potential motivations. For instance, in inspecting completely different views on local weather change, college students can consider the credibility of scientific studies, authorities insurance policies, and activist claims, recognizing potential biases and conflicting pursuits. Encourage college students to determine logical fallacies in arguments they encounter.
- Synthesis of Data: Information college students to mix completely different items of data to type a complete understanding of a world problem. For instance, in finding out the results of globalization, college students can synthesize financial information, social traits, and cultural exchanges to develop a extra holistic understanding of this complicated phenomenon. Encourage college students to determine patterns and relationships between completely different items of data.
- Questioning Assumptions: Promote a tradition of questioning within the classroom. Encourage college students to problem their very own assumptions and the assumptions of others. For instance, when discussing immigration insurance policies, college students can analyze the underlying assumptions about nationwide identification and cultural integration. Encourage college students to determine and critically consider the assumptions they encounter in several media.
Encouraging Mental Curiosity and Inquiry-Based mostly Studying
Fostering mental curiosity and inquiry-based studying is essential for growing important pondering abilities. This strategy motivates college students to actively discover and examine world points.
- Inquiry-Based mostly Studying Actions: Design studying experiences that encourage college students to ask questions, conduct analysis, and draw conclusions primarily based on their findings. As an example, in finding out the influence of struggle on a selected area, college students can conduct interviews with refugees or survivors, analyze historic paperwork, and current their findings in a compelling approach. Promote analysis utilizing a number of sources, together with main and secondary supplies.
- Open-Ended Questions: Ask open-ended questions that encourage college students to suppose critically and creatively. For instance, when discussing the challenges of sustainable improvement, ask college students to suggest modern options and take into account the potential penalties of various approaches. A majority of these questions encourage numerous and inventive responses.
- Actual-World Connections: Join studying to real-world points and conditions. Encourage college students to use their information and abilities to unravel real-world issues. For instance, when discussing human rights violations, college students can analysis and current about related case research, and discover doable options.
Examples of Actions Selling Vital Pondering
| World Challenge | Exercise | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Poverty | Analyzing financial information and case research of poverty discount packages | College students analyze statistical information and success tales of anti-poverty initiatives in several areas to determine efficient methods and potential challenges. |
| Local weather Change | Debating proposed options to local weather change | College students analysis numerous options and debate the deserves and downsides of every, contemplating the potential impacts on completely different communities and the surroundings. |
| Inequality | Making a simulation of a world market | College students expertise the dynamics of worldwide commerce and inequality by way of a role-playing train, permitting them to know the complicated interactions concerned. |
